How Good People Turn Evil Essay Example for Free

How Good People Turn Evil Essay Understanding is not excusing. Though it may help to prevent wrong acts against humanity in the future (may it? ). The world was created with the potential of sin. Looking at the theological approach, Adam and Eve, when were put into the situation of seduction by the snake, started to be driven by evil inclination giving birth to the first sin. Why does it happen? Why do people go against normality and moral principals? Why do people do evil things? Psychologists-experimenters, philosophers, writers have been trying to answer this question. There will always be good and evil in our world. However there is a fine line between good and evil, sometimes it is so vague, that without noticing we can find ourselves on the opposite side. Zimbardo in his Stanford experiment proves, that not only is the line blurred, but also movable and permeable. The Webster dictionary defines ‘good’ as ‘being positive or desirable in nature; not bad or poor’. ‘Bad’ is on the contrary ‘not achieving an adequate standard; poor; injurious in effect; detrimental’. We must keep in mind that it is not right to think about these notions as only about global ones, but good and evil are found in every person and dominance of one or another depends on different factors. Good people can turn evil, as well as (thanks God) evil people can become good again. How does the transformation happen? After the abuses in Abu Ghraib the general wanted to know who is responsible for the inhuman treatment with the prisoners, who were those rotten apples ‘infecting’ others. However the question rather should be: ‘What is responsible? ’ At first we have to look at the situation in order to understand the behavior. In the fight between good people and vicious situation the situation has won. Some may argue that it is not right, as far as the guards who were taking part in the crime in Abu Ghraib (as well as the ‘guards’ of Stanford experiment) were intelligent, normal, mentally and physically healthy people, who should have been responsible for their terrible actions. But could just ‘bad apples’ go that far? The human transformation according to Zimbardo has several perspectives: ? Dispositional – internal factors. The evil starts in the person oneself. These are the bad rotten apples. ? Situational – external factors. The situation is the one to blame, which influenced people and helped evil to gain the guards over. ? Systematic – the power that is in a system (political, economical, cultural, etc). Those are the bad barrel makers. ‘A country is considered the more civilized the more the wisdom and efficiency of its laws hinder a weak man from becoming too weak and a powerful one too powerful. ’ Primo Levi. Evil is the exercise of power. As soon as someone has the power to humiliate, do harm or destroy someone else physically or spiritually, the potential of evil may get to unreachable heights and it usually does (which was proved by the Milgram experiment). Starting the Stanford experiment, Zimbardo could not predict such a development of events, because the guards who were thoroughly chosen and tested to be normal people, in a couple of days turned into madmen, psychopaths and sadists. The main driving force that provoked this metamorphosis was power. First it had to be used as a tool for control of disobedient prisoners, but later the guards started receiving pleasure out of it, feeling their privilege and dominance and the right to exercise their power in every possible way. Personally I observed the same phenomenon in sports, a gymnastics girl’s team. A couch may use the power of a superior for too much, abusing children morally and physically, excusing it as a training and forming of tenacity. One more example can be found in the student dorms of LBS. One girl was chosen by the administration as a unit representative, the task of which was to coordinate girls living in the unit and make sure the community room and the corridor are kept clean. She also had to help girls with the home appliances lending them such things as vacuum cleaner, iron, etc, which belonged to the dorms. Only students who showed themselves to be responsible, tolerant, helpful could get this ‘position’ including some privileges. As soon as the girl received this trivial power, she started humiliating girls, each time pointing out that they are dirty and disgusting and as a punishment depriving them of things that they could use freely before, like a fridge or hanger. In this case the person was changed, because she was put into another situation; and the situation in turn was endowed with power by the system. If we go back to the Stanford experiment, one of the important factors that influenced the transformation in people, both guards and prisoners, was the phenomena of deindividuation. Humiliation and disgrace increase where personality is about to vanish. John Watson in his research proves that while starting a battle or a fight people who wear masks or costumes, which cover their faces or disguise them, are more likely to kill and to torture. Zimbardo’s guards were given a uniform and shades which somehow ‘protected’ them from the external world, as if nobody could see the horrors they were doing or as if it were not them, but some other people conducting that evil behavior. In other words this phenomenon can be called the power of anonymity. It works for every one. We are much more likely to do something unusual for us and even immoral, when nobody can see us or recognize. However we should not forget that on the other side of the barricade were the prisoners or victims, who suffered from deindividuation, rather than gained of it. Prisoners were given numbers instead of names; their clothes reminded rather that of women, than men, their heads were covered with ridiculous hats. People stop perceive themselves as individuals and later as human-beings, when are found in such conditions. Deindividuation was one of the strongest driving forces of holocaust, though it made its long detour to gas chambers in concentration camps. First Jews were not allowed to get high positions at work, than to sit on the same benches in a park as locals, come in to a shop (reading a sign that Jews and dogs are not allowed to enter), later every Jew had to wear a yellow star on one’s clothes, so every one could easily identify them in a crowd. Step by step the personality was diminished, so when Jews were told to move out from their homes and to settle in ghettoes quite few of them resisted. One of the most striking things for me that actually quite few of them tried to resist, accepting the situation and believing in their individuality being erased. ‘We are Jewish, we should be quiet’. They were imposed the opinion that they were not part of the country, which many of them defended during the World War I and they did not belong to their home. Finding themselves in camps, people were usually totally disgraced having no power and desire to oppose whatsoever. It is hard to imagine a human-being sinking so deep, deeper than an animal, totally perverting one’s nature. Hanna Arendt in her book ‘Eichman In Jerusalem. The Report On The Banality of Evil. ’ wrote that evil is always on the surface and as soon as we dig deeper it disappears. This means that often when people happen to be in some situation it becomes difficult for them to judge their actions, as soon as they become the prisoners of the situation. Being ‘inside’ makes one perceive the horror as normality. Going back to Milgram’s experiment, which proved that people can turn evil easily and very fast, by imposing power of control and blurring their responsibility for the crime. The electroshock experiment showed that two thirds of people who were tested conformed and obeyed the experimenter blindly, suggesting an idea that they are not the ones to blame for the ‘death’ of other participants of the experiment. The evil is the readiness to follow the commands and fully comply. There are really quite few monsters in the world; the problem is in the whole majority of people who are ready to follow them and to conform to any orders without considering the consequents or the actions themselves. People face uncritical conformity to the leader’s or group norms. Their personality and moral principals are simply switched off and the aggressiveness starts growing. However Zimbardo claims that evil is not only concluded in an action, but also in passive tolerance of what is going on. A new situation may breed both – rage and inaction – and both promote evil. Although on the other hand a new situation may provoke heroic imagination. For example during holocaust many non-Jewish families under the threat of death were hiding Jewish kids in their homes. After the holocaust they were granted the title of the righteous among the nations though the righteous considered that what they did, everyone would do in the same situation. That is something that must be conveyed to our children. In every situation we can choose 3 ways: either give the green light to the hostile imagination and evil, stay aside or become heroes. Every one must be taught that humanity is our business. Bulgakov in his ‘Master Margarita’ through his character Voland claims that in the last 3000 years society did not change. People will always stay the same and the evil and the good will always confront inside us. We must always keep in mind humanity’s previous experiences and try to make the best out of them. The XXth century was a pure return of barbarism – holocaust, genocides in Cambodia and Rwanda, Abu Ghraib, mass suicide persuaded by the pastor Reverend Jim Jones etc. The list is long. According to Judaism the evil and the good come from one and the same source, so that is the reason, why it is sometimes so difficult for us to differentiate between those two. Our task is to fight with our bad inclination (Hebrew- yatzir ha-ra), helping the good inclination (yatzir ha-tov) to develop.

Vapour Pressure as a Function of Temperature of Ether

Vapour Pressure as a Function of Temperature of Ether Xin Wang Title To measure the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling point of diethyl ether by cooling the ether down and continuously recording a series of different temperature readings and their corresponding vapour pressure values. Abstract Vapour pressure p of ether under a series of different temperatures T were measured and three repeats were done. The three graphs of ln(p) against 1/T were plotted, all of them showed a nice linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T . Then the gradient which was equal to à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/R was used, and hence the average value of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap of three repeats was decided as the final result . The boiling point was calculated by using à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap and the final value used of constant C was also the mean of three repeats’ constants obtained. Error analysis and improvements both focused on the leaking of apparatus and the validities of measurements obtained. Introduction Thermodynamics is a very important part of chemistry and chemical studies. It involves many studies about energy such as the transfer of energy and the conservation of energy. For this experiment which is to study the vapor pressure as a function of temperature, the thermodynamic part which should be focused on is that a system would tends to make its Gibbs Free Energy which is the energy free to do work minimum at a constant temperature and pressure. In this experiment, a single and pure compound is used and the study is about the equilibrium between its liquid phase and its gaseous phase at a constant pressure and temperature. If the pure compound liquid is placed inside a closed container, under different temperature and different pressure, there will always be a equilibrium between the liquid phase and gaseous phase. This thermodynamic equilibrium will be at different position due to the temperature and pressure Therefore, the region of the temperature and pressure where the compound changes from liquid to gases or reversibly has been defined as phase boundaries, which can be found in a graph of pressure against temperature. To be more specific, the temperature is the temperature of the system, but the pressure mentioned is the vapour pressure. The vapour pressure is defined as the pressure of the vapour which is in equilibrium with its liquid in the closed container, and it does vary with the temperature. According to the second law of thermodynamics which indicates â€Å"At equilibrium, the chemical potential of a substance is the same throughout a sample, regardless of how many phases are present.† [1] , a equation for the two chemical potentials of two phases can be obtained, which shows the chemical potential of the liquid is equal to the chemical potential of the gases in equilibrium in the closed container. To make this simpler, the chemical potential â€Å" µÃ¢â‚¬  which is the molar Gibbs free energy [1] is introduced. Therefore, at a constant pressure and temperature,  µ is equal to the first derivative of G with respect to n, where G is the Gibbs free energy and n is the number of moles. As phase boundary is represented by the line which separates the liquid phase region and gaseous phase region in a graph of vapour pressure against temperature, therefore the gradient of the phase boundary which is written as dp/dT can be considered. In the closed container, the overall chemical potential of the system is always constant by considering conservation of energy. Therefore, the change in  µ of liquid phase should always be equal to the change in  µ of gaseous phase when temperature and pressure change, which can be expressed as d µ(liquid) = d µ(gases)[1]. The fundamental equation â€Å"dU = TdS PdV† [2] can be used to derive another equation of d µ. Because of H = U + pV [3], therefore dH = dU + d(pV) = dU + pdV + Vdp is derived. As known, G = H -TS and then dG = dH d(TS) = dH TdS SdT is obtained. By combining the two derived equations and the fundamental equation mentioned above, dG = -SdT + Vdp can then be obtained finally. Due to the definition of  µ, equation d µ = -SdT + Vdp can be derived. If d µ = -SdT + Vdp is substituted into d µ(liquid) = d µ(gases), [V(gases) V(liquid)]dp = [S(gases) S(liquid)]dT can be derived. Therefore, dp/dT = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T where à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S is defined as the the entropy of phase transition which can be equal to S(gases) S(liquid) and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T is defined as the volumes of phase transition which can be equal to V(gases) V(liquid). Due to the perfect gas law which is pV = nTR, where R is the gas constant which is equal to 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 and T is the temperature in kelvins. For  µ which is molar, therefore n = 1 and then pV = RT, so V = RT/p is obtained for gases. The assumption that à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²V = V(gases) V(liquid) ≈ V(gases) [2] can be made as the volume of liquid in the closed system is much smaller than the volume of gases, and hence à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²V = RT/p can be derived. For à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S, as à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = Tà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S can be derived due to the equilibrium, so à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /T is then derived. By substituting the two new equations for à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T into dp/dT = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²S/à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²T, dp/dT = pà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /RT2 can be obtained. Then do the integration for the equation dp/dT = pà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap /RT2 , ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C can be derived, where C is a constant. For the equation ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C, a graph of ln(p) against 1/T can be plotted to find à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap which is the enthalpy of vaporization can obtained from the gradient of the graph due to the linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T. Therefore, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = -gradient Ãâ€" R To use the equation to find the boiling point of the compound used, due to the definition of boiling point, just substitute pressure = 1 atmosphere ≈ 1 bar into the equation to find the corresponding T which is therefore the boiling point. Therefore, ln(1) = 0 = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RTboil + C, and hence Tboil = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RC can be used for calculation. Equipment Methylated spirits, cardice, ether(diethyl ether), tweezers, a large dewar flask, a smaller dewar flask, wasted dewar flasks, clamps, experimental vacuum set-up with air pump connected, stopwatch, electrical mixer, thermometers, funnels, beakers Experiment Turned on the digital vacuum gauge and then took down the bulb A from the apparatus set, some ether was added into the bulb and then the bulb was reconnected to the apparatus. Next, prepared methylated spirits was added to a large dewar, then enough cardice was transferred from the the main container into a small container and added to the dewar with methylated spirits by using a tweezer. Enough cardice was added to make the methylated spirits reach a very low temperature which was about -78à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™. After the temperature of the methylated spirits was low enough, some of the mixture was poured into a smaller dewar and then the cold trap was submerged by the mixture in the smaller dewar which was clamped and therefore fixed to continuously cold the cold trap. Then the air pump was turned on, the Tap 1 which was vacuum to Ether in the bulb A and the Tap 3 which was vacuum to Atmosphere were both closed while the Tap 2 which was vacuum to Transducer was open. After the cold trap was cold enough, open Tap 1 to boil the ether for seconds to make sure all the air inside those tubes were pumped out, and then closed Tap 1 and measure the rate of leaking by closing Tap 2 as well and then measuring the amount of pressure increased by looking at the digital vacuum gauge in one minute by using a stopwatch. The thermometer and the electrical mixer were well setted up around the bulb A as a thermostat bath, then submerged the bulb A with ether inside into the remaining mixture in the large dewar and clamped the large dewar to make it fixed. Then continuously add cardice into the large dewar and the smaller dewar to cool down the ether and keep the cold trap still cold. When the temperature of the mixture in the large dewar reached about -78à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™, the large dewar was removed and Tap 2 was closed with Tap 1 open. The mixture in the large dewar was the pored into a wasted dewar and then the dewar was allowed to warm up. Then the ether in the bulb A was allowe d to warm up to room temperature and cold tap water in a beaker was used to submerge the bulb A to help warm up. After a enough long time was used for warming up, the thermometer was touched to the bulb A to measure the temperature of the ether at room temperature and this temperature reading and the corresponding pressure reading were both recorded as the first pair of data. The empty large dewar had also been warmed up already, fresh methylated spirits was then added to the dewar and the bulb A was submerged into the fresh mixture with the thermostat bath set also submerged in the mixture. The thermostat bath was started by turning on the electrical mixer, at the same time, Tap 3 and Tap 2 were still closed while Tap 1 was open. For obtaining data sets, a small amount of cardice was added each time to make sure the temperature only went down by 2 to 3 degrees or kelvins. The temperature reading and its corresponding pressure reading were both recorded after adding the cardice and waiting for both reading to be steady. The experiment was finished until the temperature had reached about -55 degrees . After finishing the experiment, the electrical mixer was then turned off and the Tap 1 and the Tap 2 were closed but the Tap 3 was then opened. The air pump was switched off after that. Next, both the large dewar and the smaller dewar were removed, and the methylated mixture in both dewars were poured back into the the container of methylated spirits using a funnel. The experiment had been repeated for three times and therefore three data sets were obtained. And all the repeats were done by using the same apparatus under the same condition. Results During the experiments, the raw data recorded for temperature was in degree and pressure was in mbar. See Table 1. For 1/T, Temperature was changed into the unit of kelvin. For ln(p), pressure was changed into the unit of bar. See Appendix A, Appendix B and Appendix C. Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 T /degrees p /mbar T /degrees p /mbar T /degrees p /mbar 15 661 8 511 14 582 9 547 5 448 4 432 7 476 3 393 1 385 4 424 -1 342 -2 316 2 378 -4 296 -6 268 -2 330 -7 253 -10 216 -4 291 -12 205 -14 182 -7 250 -15 174 -18 150 -10 220 -18 150 -21 126 -12 193 -21 132 -25 102 -14 175 -25 105 -27 91 -17 155 -31 80 -31 73 -20 132 -34 66 -35 59 -22 116 -37 53 -38 46 -26 95 -41 43 -42 37 -29 80 -44 38 -45 30 -33 65 -47 32 -48 26 -36 53 -51 26 -50 22 -40 41 -55 23 -52 20 -42 35 -60 18 -57 15 -44 32 -59 13 -48 25 -62 11 -52 20 -54 17 -56 14 -59 12 Table 1. Raw data from the experiments Figure 1. ln(p) against 1/T for Run 1 Figure 2. ln(p) against 1/T fro Run 2 Figure 3. ln(p) against 1/T for Run 3 Rate of leaking of pressure of the apparatus = 2 mbar/min To obtain à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap, the average value of gradients of three repeats which were obtained from Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3 was used to calculate the final result à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap. This was the same for the constant C, therefore the mean value of constants C of three repeats was used as the final result of C. The average gradient value = [(-3381.1) + (-3048.6) + (-3287.6)] à · 3 = -3239.1 K à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = -gradient Ãâ€" R = -3239.1 Ãâ€" 8.314 = 26929.8774 J mol-1 Constant C = (11.329 + 10.087 + 10.969) à · 3 = 10.795 Boiling point = Tboil = à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RC = 26929.8774/(8.314 Ãâ€" 10.795) = 300.0555813 K ≈ 26.9 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ (to 3 s.f.) Data Analysis The theoretical value of the enthalpy of vaporization of diethyl ether is 27140 J mol-1 at 25 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ [4] , therefore, percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = [(27140 26929.8774) à · 27140] Ãâ€" 100% ≈ 0.774% (to 3 s.f.) The theoretical value of the boiling point of diethyl ether is 34à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ [5], therefore, the percentage of error of boiling point = [(34 26.9) à · 34] Ãâ€" 100% ≈ 20.9% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in T = (0.25 à · 1) Ãâ€" 100% = 25% Uncertainty in 1/T = (0.25 à · 12) Ãâ€"100% = 25% Uncertainty in p = (0.5 à · 11) Ãâ€" 100% ≈4.55% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in ln(p) = (0.5 à · 11) Ãâ€" 100% ≈4.55% (to 3 s.f.) Uncertainty in à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap = uncertainty in gradient = 25% + 4.55% = 29.55% Uncertainty in constant C = 29.55% Uncertainty in boiling point Tboil = 29.55% + 29.55% = 59.1% The values of R2 which are coefficients of determination were all shown to be fairly close to 1, therefore, the linear correlation between ln(p) and T was shown to be very nice. The percentage of error of boiling point is much larger than the percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap, and the uncertainty of boiling point is even larger due to the uncertainties of 1/T and ln(p). This might come from two main sources of errors. One is the leaking of the experimental apparatus and the other is not high enough validities of temperature and pressure measurements obtained due to other errors like human errors. For the leaking of the apparatus, the rate of leaking was measured as 2 mbar/min. To be more specif, the leaking was caused by the incompletely sealed connections between those glass tubes. The time from starting to take down measurements to finishing the experiment was about half an hour, this has led to a large uncertainty in the pressure measurements. Therefore, the readings of pressure at the lower temperature are much less accurate and smaller than the actual value that they should be, this shifted the gradient to a higher value, but the more serious effect was on the constant C which is the intercept with the axis of ln(p). As pressure was first recorded in mbar, when changing it into the unit of bar, the value was less than 1, therefore ln(p) is less than zero, a decrease in the pressure value can lead to a large change in the value of ln(p). So the constant C is much higher than the actual value. Although the percentage of error of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap is small, but this does not mean the experiment was very accurate because its uncertainty is quite large, and this low percentage error might due to the combination of different errors. For not high enough validities of temperature and pressure measurements obtained. The human error of recording temperature has the largest effect, and it has been indicated by the uncertainty of temperature reading which is 25%, this uncertainty is quite large enough to lead to inaccurate temperature readings and therefore the large uncertainties of the enthalpy of vaporization and boiling point. Another error causing low validities is the time used to wait until the temperature and pressure readings to be steady, which can definitely lead to more leaking of pressure. Although the experiment was about 30-minute long, but some readings were recorded before they became steady, and this would make he readings recorded higher than the actual ones. Improvements To reduce the error caused by the leaking of the apparatus, more advanced apparatus much be used. The leaking in these experiments was mostly caused by the incompletely sealed connections between those glass tube. Therefore, a set-up which has all glass tubes well connected without any crevice would be an ideal choice, this kind of set-up should be an entirety and can effectively avoid leaking. If the problem of leaking is solved, the time for waiting until the readings to become steady each time can be as long as possible to make sure the measurements are as accurate as they can. To reduce the human error on taking down the readings of temperature and pressure, computers and sensors are suggested. For example, thermocouples [6] which are common temperature sensors used in industry, this type of temperature sensors can directly provide the electrical readings of temperature on the screen of the equipment and the size is fairly nice for using in laboratories. Computers can be used to take down the reading on those electrical equipment such as temperature sensors and the digital vacuum gauge by using the softwares or internal programs. More precautions must be payed attention. Therefore, make sure the ether used is pure enough and the experimental apparatus especially the bulb is clean to prevent from impurities, and during the step of boiling the ether by vacuuming the bulb, take a longer time to boil the ether to make sure that all the air in the tubes can be swept out. Conclusion In conclusion, the graphs have proved that the linear relationship between ln(p) and 1/T was reliable. Therefore, the main equation ln(p) = -à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ²Hvap/RT + C can be used to find the enthalpy of vaporization and the boiling point of ether and the assumption which has been made about the volumes is reliable in this case. However, the apparatus and some technics much be improved to reduce errors and then obtain accurate results. References [1] 6. Vapour Pressure a a Function of Temperature, 1st Year Physical Chemistry Laboratory 2013 lab script, p. 2 [2] 6. Vapour Pressure a a Function of Temperature, 1st Year Physical Chemistry Laboratory 2013 lab script, p. 3 [3] Enthalpy. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy [Accessed 26th March 2014] [4] Majer, V.; Wagner, Z.; Svoboda, V.; Cadek, V., Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 1980 , vol. 12, # 4 p. 387 392 [5] Gomberg, M., Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1923 , vol. 45, p. 398 398 [6] TemperatureSensors. Available from: https://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/index.php/TemperatureSensors [Accessed 26th March 2014] Appendix A Run 1 Temperature/degrees Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 15 661 0.003470415 -0.414001439 9 547 0.003544214 -0.603306477 7 476 0.003569516 -0.742337425 4 424 0.003608154 -0.858021824 2 378 0.003634381 -0.972861083 -2 330 0.003687996 -1.108662625 -4 291 0.0037154 -1.234432012 -7 250 0.00375728 -1.386294361 -10 220 0.003800114 -1.514127733 -12 193 0.003829217 -1.64506509 -14 175 0.003858769 -1.742969305 -17 155 0.003903963 -1.864330162 -20 132 0.003950227 -2.024953356 -22 116 0.003981684 -2.154165088 -26 95 0.004046126 -2.353878387 -29 80 0.004095843 -2.525728644 -33 65 0.004164064 -2.733368009 -36 53 0.00421674 -2.937463365 -40 41 0.004289084 -3.194183212 -42 35 0.004326195 -3.352407217 -44 32 0.004363954 -3.442019376 -48 25 0.004441483 -3.688879454 -52 20 0.004521818 -3.912023005 -54 17 0.004563085 -4.074541935 -56 14 0.004605112 -4.268697949 -59 12 0.004669624 -4.422848629 Appendix B Run 2 Temperature/degree Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 8 511 0.00355682 -0.671385689 5 448 0.003595182 -0.802962047 3 393 0.00362122 -0.933945667 -1 342 0.003674444 -1.072944542 -4 296 0.0037154 -1.217395825 -7 253 0.00375728 -1.37436579 -12 205 0.003829217 -1.5847453 -15 174 0.003873717 -1.74869998 -18 150 0.003919263 -1.897119985 -21 132 0.003965893 -2.024953356 -25 105 0.004029821 -2.253794929 -31 80 0.004129672 -2.525728644 -34 66 0.004181476 -2.718100537 -37 53 0.004234597 -2.937463365 -41 43 0.00430756 -3.146555163 -44 38 0.004363954 -3.270169119 -47 32 0.004421844 -3.442019376 -51 26 0.004501463 -3.649658741 -55 23 0.004584002 -3.772261063 -60 18 0.004691532 -4.017383521 Appendix C Run 3 Temperature/degree Pressure/mbar 1/T (T in kelvin) ln(p) (p in bar) 14 582 0.0034825 -0.541284831 4 432 0.003608154 -0.839329691 1 385 0.003647638 -0.954511945 -2 316 0.003687996 -1.152013065 -6 268 0.003743215 -1.316768298 -10 216 0.003800114 -1.532476871 -14 182 0.003858769 -1.703748592 -18 150 0.003919263 -1.897119985 -21 126 0.003965893 -2.071473372 -25 102 0.

Chipset Summary Report :: Essays Papers

Chipset Summary Report Dear Manager Please find attached our submission for your Invitation for offer for a motherboard to meet the specifications supplied. This report supplies details of all required specifications. Please do not hesitate to contact my office if you should have any questions regarding this offer. Executive Summary "Your Name Here" Computers is proposing to deliver a comprehensive solution to the Ajax Computer Company both to address your immediate needs as well as to provide a platform for future development. As one of the world’s leading providers of computer hardware and networking equipment, "Your Name Here" Computers is focused on providing the Ajax Computer Company with a solution focused on delivering:  High quality products which translates into low cost of ownership over the entire life of the equipment – this saves you money  A state of the art solution helping you to keep your network on the air – this provides you with the ability to deliver the best to your staff  A scalable solution with no need to make major equipment replacements when you need more features or capacity – this saves you money  A high performance solution – this minimises your staff waiting around for â€Å"the computer† The MS-5184 motherboard proposed by "Your Name Here" Computers is based on a product that has been shipping for a substantial period of time and has many reference sites both in Australia and globally. "Your Name Here" Computers are prepared to conduct a proof of concept with you on short notice to demonstrate our MS-5184 motherboard solution. We appreciate that Ajax Computer Company has limited exposure to "Your Name Here" Computer technologies. In order to address this issue and demonstrate to you the friendly and professional approach of "Your Name Here" Computers we have provided the following reference material as per your request: Year 2000 Compliance Dear Customer: For all "Your Name Here" Computer products with a Year 2000 readiness status of "YES" and operating at the stated minimum software level specified on the "Your Name Here" Computer.com web site; "Your Name Here" Computers provides the following Year 2000 Warranty. ""Your Name Here" Computer Corporation" warrants that "Your Name Here" Computer Products (hereinafter 'Products') that are date sensitive which have been sold or licensed to Customer will continue performing properly with regard to such date data on and after January 1, 2000, provided that all other products used by customer in connection or combination with the "Your Name Here" Computer Products, including hardware, software, and firmware, accurately exchange date data with the "Your Name Here" Computer Products.

Effects of Income Inequality on Quality of Healthcare Essays -- The In

Positive rights are rights that everyone is entitled to including: the right to a public education, access to public roads, and the right to health care. There are no guarantees when it comes to life, but having health insurance makes a huge difference with preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases. Of course having insurance itself is a great resource to ensure medical care and containing costs, but not all insurance programs are created equal. Insurance programs have caveats, exclusions, varying co-payments, and access to certain doctors and hospitals, which creates an ethical dilemma. Receiving the best care is subjective in most cases, but with money you can buy almost anything, including the best care. Although those living in poverty are given access to healthcare, that does not mean they receive the best or equal care as those who are wealthy. Living in a capitalist society, the richest Americans enjoy larger homes, nicer cars, better education and even health care. Even if we lived in a capitalist society where everyone had access to the same basic healthcare program, the rich would still be able to afford better care. The wealthy are able to pay more in co-payments, prescription costs, and the ability to go outside of the healthcare system in this country to seek help. When you have the disposable resources then the sky is the limit, where the poor have very limited options. They will be confined to their healthcare coverage program and do not have the luxury of seeking additional assistance. â€Å"Poor patients often receive less quality care in the hospital, have more barriers to recovery, and experience higher morbidity and mortality than do patients with higher incomes† (Dracup). The United States is ... ...ndards and practices are more uniform based on circumstance and not based on loopholes, exceptions or lack of insurance. Everyone should be given the same preventive care and be able to receive the same treatment options regardless of location, income, or age. Competition in the marketplace can be good, but there are many complexities with healthcare and many people can slip through the cracks and others can be shortchanged. Works Cited C. Wayne Sells and Robert Wm. Blum, "Morbidity and Mortality among US Adolescents: An Overview of Data and Trends," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH Vol. 86, No. 4 (April, 1996), pgs. 513-519. R. Wilkinson and K. Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger, Bloomsbury Press, NY, 2009, in particular pages 49- 173. Income Inequalities , Health and the Garrison State by Christopher Schaefer

Managing Customer Relations Essay

This helps them to gather customers feedback by collating the responses and discussing about them during meetings, to see if there is an alternative, or a solution to the problem. However, not all feedbacks can have a solution as there are shortages of certain resources such as manpower, turnover rate and space in shop area. Overall, Food For Thought is a successful organisation despite not having a CRM system. They are able to generate high profits every month due to loyal customers and customers who frequent that area. Company’s Background Food for Thought is a Food and Beverage Restaurant (F&B) that sells western-styled food. It started out as a cafe in North Bridge Road. After a few years of establishment, the company decided to open another outlet at a nearby location of a larger space and closed down the cafe. Currently, there are 2 outlets (Queen Street and Botanical Gardens). They sell a variety of foods including salads, pastas, pancakes, cakes and desserts. The company has 2 selling points that differentiate them from other restaurants. First, the ambience provides a good place for customers to relax and hang out with family or friends. The overall layout emits a homely touch. Using recycled items, they decorate the restaurant with 540 jars of emptied pasta sauce. Secondly, they practice societal marketing concept by giving back 10% of their yearly profit to charity organizations. Their 5 missions include ‘Give clean water, ‘Feed good food, ‘Make poverty history ‘, ‘Teach them all’ and ‘Inspire kind acts’. (Refer to appendix A) CRM Planning Process Through the interview conducted, we found out that Food for Thought have yet to implement CRM system. However, they are considering implementing it after the organization is stable. Food for Thought connects with their customers through the use of Facebook and Twitter by learning customers’ needs and wants. Their target markets are the SMU students and the people working around the area of their location. In order to increase the awareness of their organization, they place their advertisement on the SMU daily newsletter and provide promotions for the students. Food for Thought staffs focuses on creating customer’s experience in order to build relationship with the customers. The staffs recognize their loyal customers and create a personal friendship with them. Likewise for new customers, the staff will create a customer relationship as they exercise relationship marketing. CRM Implementation Process In our opinion, Food for Thought has the basic foundation for implementing CRM system as they focus on managing customer’s experience. They start out by creating a Facebook page in order to encourage feedbacks from the customers. The management then analyzes the comments before deciding appropriate measures that should be carried out. Even though Food for Thought doesn’t have a CRM system, they collect their customers’ name card and sent out emails to update them on various promotions and competitions. They initiated the use of smart-phone apps such as chope. com or hungrygowhere. com to provide customers the convenience of making a reservation online. On the other hand, they are able to track their customers’ spending and number of times of reservation made. When queried on why they have yet to implement CRM system, Mr. Pala stated that the organization will only consider implementing a proper CRM system when the organization faces the situation whereby there is a need to analyze customer’s needs and wants to an extent. Impact of CRM on Sales and Marketing Strategy Food for Thought sales strategy focuses on the need to develop solutions to meet customer’s specific needs. The management team conducts a meeting every two weeks to review on the feedbacks mentioned through email, Facebook and Twitter (as mentioned above) to analyze on the customer’s needs. They collect verbal feedback from different customers and inform them about their menu recommendations based on customer’s individual needs and preferences. While they are collecting payments from the customers, the staffs will focus on being dialogue-oriented by engaging in small talks with the customer to understand their needs better before stating the feedback of the food to the head chef. The head chef will then make alternative recipe to meet and satisfy the customer’s needs. Through the use of sales forces, Food For Thought is able to process customer information quicker to meet customers’ need. They focus on sales force automation by using key account management such as the POS system to tabulate monthly and yearly sales. The sales activities allow them to identify the most favorable and least favorable items, via this method; they will up-sell the most favorable item to the customer while considering removing the least favorable items. The use of social media has provided the staffs with information to identify and differentiate their customers. By using this method, the staff will then be able to create a different marketing strategy to interact and customize various offerings to suit the needs of individual customers. For example, premium seating (bar table) are provided to their loyal customers, this allows the customers to not only observe the chef’s method of cooking but also engage in small talks with the staffs. Food For Thought focuses in building relationship. They believe in gaining true loyal customers by creating strong relationships through exchanging information while engaging  in dialogues with the customer. Through this method, customer knowledge will increase and therefore strengthening the relationship with the customer. Most of the loyal customers are under the undivided loyalty. They come from the workplace located nearby and only dine at Food for Thought. Loyal customers are more profitable as they help to spread positive word-of-mouth about the organization. Food For Thought implements retentio n strategies to the customers. One of which would be by rewarding loyal customers – for example, SMU students are entitled to 5% discount. This develops effective acquisition strategies to encourage word-of-mouth referrals for the customers. Loyal customers are entitled to preferential treatment as the organization treat loyal customers like family and refer to them by their name. Outcome of CRM implementation With limited resources, Food For Thought has to identify their desirable customers. Without CRM system, it is difficult to analyze customer from the restaurant. Food For Thought is currently in the stage of developing comprehensive CRM; therefore they do not have a fixed answer of the success or failure in implementing CRM in this restaurant. The current CRM implementation process has help gain customer knowledge, customer satisfaction and help building up the relationship with the customers. As Food For Thought is a developing business, there are rooms for improvement in the CRM implementation. They measure the effectiveness of CRM program through customer feedback. Using the feedbacks provided, the management is able to know the satisfaction of customers regarding the service or food of the restaurant. Unlike other restaurant that focuses on being profit-orientated, Food For Thought is customer-orientated. This implies that customer’s experience is more important than the profit gained. Moreover, customer interaction provides a measurement for the effectiveness of program. This shows that restaurant should improve on their service to retain existing customers. The increase in customer touch point will lead to an increase in opportunity in gaining customer’s knowledge thereby creating a learning relationship between the organization and the customers. Conclusion and future plans of company’s CRM strategy We have concluded that Food for Thought is a successful organization, where  they focus on building customer relationship rather than being profit-oriented. When there is a relationship built with the customers, trust will be built, and because Food for Thought believes in being customer-oriented, they never fail to recognize their loyal customers, which in turn would make the customers feel recognized and good, therefore bringing returned business. Not only do th ey build and strengthen the relationship with their external customers, Food for Thought has also built and strengthened the relationship with their internal customers, namely their co-workers. Food for Thought has also place customer satisfaction as their upmost priority, which is also another factor whereby they are successful in retaining their existing customers or acquiring new customers. Food for Thought currently has no plans to implement CRM yet as it is still a small organization. However, according to Mr. Pala, he has claimed that when the time comes when the organization faces the situation whereby there is a need to analyze customer’s needs and wants to an extent, it is then they will implement CRM, for now, they want to focus more on relationship building with their customers. Lesson Learnt Food for Thought and many other organizations faces the same problem which is the lack of manpower. Such situations are unavoidable and the turnover rate is usually higher in the F&B business as most locals prefer other lines of job than F&B. One way to overcome this problem is to have some employees, mainly the supervisor, to be on standby. Another method to overcome this problem would be to implement self-service in the outlet. However, Mr. Pala has claimed that this method may hinder the process of building relationship with the customers. Being customer-oriented, they value their loyal customers by treating them as a part of their family. Through this strategy, Food for Thought is able to build customer relationship and strengthen the bond between the organization and the customers. They gain customer’s trust by providing service beyond expectation by getting close to the customers and engaging small talks with the customer, proving that they value the relationship with each individual customer. â€Å"All customers are equal, regardless of them being loyal and long-term or new,† quoted from Mr.  Pala. They practice building customer relationship through breaking the ice by engaging in small dialogues with the customers either when they order food or upon settling the bill. When queried on how each and every staff managed to practice building customer relationship, Mr. Pala replied with the answer indicating that practice comes from the inner heart. They believe that by strengthening the bonds with ever y staff and treating them like a family will naturally bring out the courage in each and every staff to build a relationship with the customers.